The Algerian legal framework for artificial intelligence in the digital environment التأطير القانوني الجزائري للذكاء الاصطناعي في البيئة الرقمية

The Algerian Legal Framework For Artificial Intelligence In The Digital Environment التأطير القانوني الجزائري للذكاء االصطناعي في البيئة الرقمية KHEDER Mohammed Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Research Laboratory, Faculty of Law, University of Algiers 1, Algeria [email protected] Date of Submission 06-06-2026 Date of Final Acceptance 04-08-2026 Date of Publication September 2026 Abstract: The intersection of law and technology has resulted in a set of legal rules that frame several modern innovations shaping the world today, such as the digital environment and artificial intelligence. These require a legal framework due to their entanglement with issues of digital sovereignty. Therefore, the Algerian legislator must define the concept of artificial intelligence or at least outline a legal roadmap in line with national policies in the field of digitization and artificial intelligence in the medium and long term. Keywords : Artificial intelligence, digital environment, national strategy, digital transformation. ملخص: تقاطع القانون مع التكنولوجيا فنتج عنهما مجموعة من القواعد القانونية التي تعمل على تأطير عدة ابتكارات حديثة تسير العالم اليوم مثل البيئة الرقمية والذكاء االصطناعي التي تحتاج إلى تأطير قانوني الرتباطهما بمسائل السيادة الرقمية فالبد على المشرع الجزائري تحديد مفهوم للذكاء االصطناعي أو على الأقل رسم معالم طريق قانونية تماشيا مع السياسات الوطنية في مجال الرقمنة والذكاء االصطناعي على المدى البعيد والمتوسط. الكلمات المفتاحية: الذكاء االصطناعي، البيئة الرقمية، الإستراتيجية الوطنية، التحول الرقمي. * Corresponding Author: KHEDER Mohammed

The concept of artificial intelligence, when viewed and understood from a general perspective, appears to have striking and intricate connections, due to its association with themes of permanence and continuity on the one hand, and its connection to development and change on the other. Even if some consider it immutable, its history is ongoing, as its content has been and continues to be subject to modifications that accompany the most significant changes affecting the lives of nations and their international relations. Thus, the concept of artificial intelligence is characterized by permanence and constant change. Throughout its existence, it has absorbed and undergone numerous transformations regarding its content. If we were to speak as lexicographers, we would say that its meanings are hypothetical, like its virtual world, and have not yet been fully defined. This explains the gradual inclusion of economic, political, educational, and digital aspects …. The multifaceted changes the world is witnessing and the resulting degree of complexity have had significant implications for the tasks of the state. Therefore, artificial intelligence must be understood within a framework linked to sovereignty, and this concept must be coordinated with other dimensions, the first of which is the digital environment. Therefore, the thinking must begin with questions that address the concept itself and its general implications regarding the legal status in Algeria and its prospects for development in light of internal and international changes. However, it is necessary to outline the general framework that the concept addresses. In other words, can there be a minimum legal definition of artificial intelligence that is applicable? In addition, are there indispensable and non-negotiable objectives that can influence the content of the concept a fortiori? Moreover, what links can be woven between the virtual content of artificial intelligence and other concepts? Study methodology: Comparative analysis can provide us with a range of legal insights and lessons. To address this research problem, the study has been structured into two thematic sections Section one: The legal definition of artificial intelligence in comparative law and Algerian law.

Section one: The legal definition of artificial intelligence in comparative law and Algerian law. A- Attempts to define of artificial intelligence B –Towards a legal definition of artificial intelligence in Algerian law

A- The methodology for legally securing a technological object in Algeria B-The condition for establishing a legal Algerian system of intelligence artificial

Section one: The legal definition of artificial intelligence in comparative law and Algerian law: In general, there is not a legal definition of AI but there are attempts to establish a legal definition for AI. AI is a field of computer science that refers to computer systems performing tasks associated with human intelligence1. John McCarthy first introduced the term «artificial intelligence» in 1956 at a lecture at Dartmouth College to describe "thinking machines"2. However, before major progress was made, it was not until the 1990s and the development of machine learning, supported by faster access to large amounts of data (the more data a model is trained on, the better it becomes), and the 2000s with the increase in computer power and storage capacity. AI encompasses a large number of rapidly developing technologies and fields3. Autonomous learning refers to techniques (algorithms and statistical models) "designed to detect patterns in data and use them for prediction or to aid decision-making"4. Autonomous learning systems can learn and adapt without following explicit instructions5. Deep learning uses neural networks modelled after the brain and composed of multiple layers that can grasp increasingly complex relationships between data6. As the BIS (Bank for International Settlements) points out, "a key advantage of deep learning models is their ability to work with unstructured data" (words, sentences, images, ...)7. Generative AI (GenAI) “refers to AI capable of generating content, including text, images, or music, from a natural language command” containing instructions in plain language or examples of what users expect from the model8. The BIS specifies, “large language models (LLMs) are a prime example of generative AI applications because of their ability to understand and generate accurate responses with few or no prior examples. Consequently, LLMs and generative AI have enabled ordinary language users to automate tasks that were previously performed by highly specialized models9. Based on the above, artificial intelligence (AI) operates within the realm of machines and the digital environment. This makes it difficult for legal professionals to provide a unified legal definition, as it is linked to a constantly changing and evolving environment. However, in this study, we aim to compile the most important definitions that have been given for artificial intelligence; and whether there is a legal definition for it. A- Attempts to define of artificial intelligence: Regarding proposed legal definitions of artificial intelligence, we can begin with the definition provided by the European Union. “ AI refers to the ability of a machine to replicate human-like behaviours, such as reasoning, planning, and creativity ”10. AI enables technical systems to perceive their environment, manage these perceptions, solve problems, and take actions to achieve a specific goal. The computer receives data (either pre-prepared or collected via its sensors a camera, for example), analyses it, and reacts11. Systems equipped with AI are capable of adapting their behaviour (to varying degrees) by analysing the effects of their previous actions, operating autonomously. However, the European Union's definition is considered a formal, technical definition. While from a legal standpoint, there are a number of attempts to define artificial intelligence, which we have compiled from comparative studies.

Artificial intelligence is a regulated concept. While it wasn't even five years ago, the number of legal texts addressing this subject has now exploded. Although it seems impossible to study all the divergent definitions found in the numerous texts and proposals on the topic, it is certainly possible to approach the subject through the texts with the greatest impact on French law For example . In turn, the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the OECD, and UNESCO have proposed texts relating to artificial intelligence. These texts aim to provide a "backbone for what could be a true global governance of AI, covering, through their complementary mandates, most aspects of public policy." Establishing a legal definition requires a certain formalism and necessitates making choices between several approaches. There are nearly twenty possible types of legal definitions. These are generally grouped into two families: actual definitions and terminological definitions, which offer different interpretations of an object and serve different purposes. Jurists have adopted this duality. But in American law artificial intelligence According to 15 U.S. Code12 § 9401 artificial intelligence is defined as “a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations or decisions influencing real or virtual environments.” The notes in 10 U.S. Code § 2358 define artificial intelligence as: 1. “Any artificial system that performs tasks under varying and unpredictable circumstances without significant human oversight, or that can learn from experience and improve performance when exposed to data sets. 2. An artificial system developed in computer software, physical hardware, or other context that solves tasks requiring human-like perception, cognition, planning, learning, communication, or physical action. 3. An artificial system designed to think or act like a human, including cognitive architectures and neural networks. 4. A set of techniques, including machine learning that is designed to approximate a cognitive task13. In adhere comparative laws especially British law, In British law, there is no single, fixed legal definition of artificial intelligence (AI) yet, but it is viewed within existing legal frameworks that rely on "risk-based regulation" rather than strict, comprehensive legislation14. Among the requirements of legal analysis and towards formulating and forming a legal framework for artificial intelligence, one of the failed experiences is that of South Africa, which drafted its first national policy on artificial intelligence, which it titled as "DRAFT SOUTH AFRICA NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) POLICY »date 10 April 2026And it was cancelled on the date29 Avril 2026 on page ten of the draft15, entitled “ key Concepts artificial intelligence ” was defined from several aspects, but methodologically, we cannot legally cite a source or reference that has been invalidated or revoked16. For comparative study purposes, we will refer to Arab laws, most importantly Saudi law. Based on the comparative study, we refer to Arab laws, most importantly Saudi law, which defines artificial intelligence as "Systems that use technologies capable of making predictions, generating content, providing recommendations, or making decisions with varying levels of autonomy, mimicking human intelligence to achieve a specific goal17".In UAE law, which is an Arab law, although the term artificial intelligence is global and relevant to all countries, it defines it as follows: Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence18. This includes learning, reasoning, understanding, and

interacting with the environment. Technologies such as machine learning, neural networks, and natural language processing are used to develop systems capable of learning from data and improving their performance over time19. In the law of the Sultanate of Oman, artificial intelligence in Oman is defined, in short, as “intelligent simulation of human processes through machines, with the aim of enhancing economic competitiveness, developing skills, and achieving sustainable development”20. This is regarding comparative laws. As for Algerian law, attempts at definition differ due to the nature of legal logic, or what is known as the legal-technological rule, with its dynamic and changing concept. B –Towards a legal definition of artificial intelligence in Algerian law: There is no official and specific legal definition of artificial intelligence in current Algerian legislation. The Algerian legal system still lacks a specific law or comprehensive legislative framework that regulates artificial intelligence or defines its concepts and precise standards. However, researchers and legal professionals in Algeria rely on academic and technical definitions (such as those of the OECD), or draw inspiration from concepts found in comparative laws (such as the European Artificial Intelligence Act). In this regard, comparative analysis can be of great benefit. To begin, it must be emphasized that this is not about any kind of imitation. Rather, it is simply a matter of leveraging the objective similarities that may exist in the concept of artificial intelligence. While caution is necessary, it can be observed that this similarity has led to a kind of modelling, manifested first in the development of open definitions in many laws, and then in the announcement of a list of general principles aimed at defining the overall framework for the application or applications of artificial intelligence.

The rapid movement of ideas, concepts, and legal models contributes to accelerating conscious or unconscious efforts toward harmonization and standardization of national strategies and legislation. Thus, Algeria has identified a set of actions and initiatives to develop a promising framework for an artificial intelligence program, a task entrusted to the High Commission for Digitalization21. Which prepared a national strategy based on two initial pillars: the legal and regulatory foundation and the technological foundation? The High Commission also developed a legal methodology for the development of artificial intelligence, which we will address in the following section. A- The methodology for legally securing a technological object in Algeria: The first stage involves ensuring security and the smooth functioning of the national economy, anticipating disruptions, preparing to confront threats and crises, and protecting defence secrets and scientific and technological heritage. Therefore, the High Commission for Digitalization had to consider the following basics of security or its requirements and principles. Which are: 1. National Security: In English, the concept of security is divided into two notions that refer to external dimensions of a system. On the one hand, the notion of "security" is associated with the fight against hostile external elements that attack, in particular, the institutions and established order of a state (terrorism, crime, armed conflict ...) 22. On the other hand, the notion of safety relates more to

the physical protection of individuals against an internal threat stemming from an anomaly in something or an organization: "Security is the condition of being protected from danger or loss23. In the general sense, security is a concept similar to safety. The nuance between the two is an added emphasis on being protected from dangers that originate from outside24. Artificial intelligence touches all the fields mentioned previously in the definition. 2. Internal Security: This definition focuses on the use of artificial intelligence tools in internal security, highlighting the most prominent risks associated with artificial intelligence25. 3. Cyber security: Information security touches upon the sovereignty of states, internal security, the cultural heritage of nations, and the protection of critical infrastructure, systems, networks, assets, and valuables. From now on, the safety of individuals also falls under the umbrella of information security, insofar as all human activity depends on information processing systems26. Upon reviewing the methodology of the National Strategy of the High Commission for Digitalisation, we observed that it took into account one of the most important principles of artificial intelligence, namely security, through the following: - The legal basis: National Strategy for Digital Transformation In Algeria for a Digital Algeria 203027. - Technological basis: The High Governorate embodied this in the following. - Algerian National Center for Digital Services: is a fully integrated sovereign digital infrastructure established to embody the state's strong commitment to building a modern digital system that aligns with global developments. It establishes a new phase in public administration and service management, based on digital technologies and data, and strengthens the state's digital sovereignty by storing and processing all its data within the national territory, in a highly reliable environment that adheres to international standards of security and continuity28. - The secure national network infrastructure called “IRIES”:Pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 25-320 dated December 30, 2025 a national data governance system particularly Article 11 thereof, this network was dedicated as an exclusive infrastructure for data exchange separate from the within an organized and secure framework that promotes harmony and integration among them, with the adoption of a unified management style within an integrated technical framework, reflecting a great awareness of the importance of protecting digital sovereignty29. - National Interoperability System :The National Interoperability System is the lifeblood of the National Interoperability System , as it enables the exchange of data in a secure, organized and efficient manner between various public institutions, departments, bodies and institutions entrusted with a public service, according to the data classification reference and the data source indexing reference, in a reliable environment, taking into account the classification specified for this data by its issuer. is the exclusive framework for the exchange of digital data between public institutions and administrations via the secure national network infrastructure IRIES . When necessary, public service bodies and institutions can be included in this system if their data is required for processing, in coordination between the High Commission for Digitalization and the relevant sectors30. - National sovereign cloud computing: the first of its kind in our country, constitutes the strategic digital infrastructure benchmark for providing the necessary cloud resources to operate and develop digital solutions remotely. It was designed according to a comprehensive approach based on the principles of digital sovereignty, operational efficiency, and high security, to serve as a central technological base and a key driver for accelerating digital transformation projects. The National Sovereign Cloud provides remote computing resources

and services, such as computing power, storage, hosting, network services, information security, and virtual data centers, without the need to directly own or manage physical infrastructure. This ensures time savings, simplifies technical and administrative procedures, and reduces expenses by avoiding the financial and logistical burdens associated with acquiring, establishing, and managing resources, particularly sectoral data centers, while guaranteeing the highest levels of security, performance, and reliability31. - National Digital Services Portal: point hosted by the Algerian National Center for Digital Services. It aims to enable citizens to access digital public services in a unified, easy, fast and secure way, through an advanced interactive interface that allows various administrative transactions to be completed online, including obtaining official documents, tracking service requests and benefiting from a simplified digital pathway32. The National Digital Services Portal adopts a methodology aligned with international standards adopted in the E- Government Development Index (EGDI) , in terms of the quality of digital content, service maturity, and accessibility, thereby enhancing digital trust and improving the effectiveness of public services. This portal also embodies Algeria's commitment to developing a modern, more efficient, transparent, and accessible public administration, based on a sophisticated technological infrastructure that ensures data protection and strengthens user trust. In its first phase, it will include 52 digital public services within a comprehensive national vision for digital transformation33. So these are the key features of the national strategy methodology that integrates law, technology, and the important aspect of security. B- The condition for establishing a legal Algerian system of intelligence artificial: Artificial intelligence poses a multidimensional security threat; it is a double-edged sword. While it can be used to enhance cyber security, it also represents a significant risk when exploited to carry out sophisticated cyber attacks or when it threatens national and international security. Therefore, it is necessary to define or provide a legal framework for artificial intelligence in Algeria, given its evolving nature, expansion, and development. In reality, the issue extends beyond artificial intelligence itself to encompass the concepts of threat and danger, the scope of which is broad and can manifest in all areas that govern human life. We must not be mistaken; this lack of definition reflects a current state of affairs: the transition from an era of categorized concepts to entirely undefined meanings. If it is not possible to predetermine the totality of potential threats and risks, then it is not possible to establish a fixed concept of artificial intelligence, given its inherently immutable, dynamic, and changing nature, and the difficulty of applying its general principles. Among the priorities of Algerian strategies, whether prepared, yet to be prepared, or in the process of being prepared in the future, is the issue of law, as it is the mandatory pathway for implementing the concept of artificial intelligence. Here we can observe a consistency that tends towards uniformity, even modelling , and the established rules for the measures to be taken initially acquire greater importance within the implementation process. Without generalizing, we can mention two major principles that we want to activate in defining and framing artificial intelligence: the principle of prevention and the principle of caution34. The application of the principle of prevention as a legal principle finds its sociological basis in the development of a culture of security. It means the necessity of taking the necessary, appropriate, and applicable preventive measures in places where there is a reasonable risk35.

The principle of caution, however, is the right to anticipate. All artificial intelligence strategies are based on it today; it is the right to anticipate in the darkest possible situations. Simply put, it is the right to foresight. This principle elevates doubt to the level of a fundamental element that must be taken into account in any future strategy36. We can give a formal legal definition of artificial intelligence in Algeria as a machine-based system that can, for explicit or implicit purposes, provide predictions, recommendations, or decisions affecting real or virtual environments, based on a set of human inputs, with independent predictive and preventive capabilities. This is merely a framework definition, given the dynamic, fluid, and inextricable nature of the concept of artificial intelligence. This is what the High Commission for Digitalization did when preparing a draft law relating to the general rules of the digital domain.

The standardization of the world of information technology and telecommunications through the universal adoption of internet technologies, the dependence of organizations and states on these same technologies, and the interdependence of critical infrastructures introduces a significant degree of vulnerability in the functioning of public and private institutions. This can jeopardize their sustainability as well as the sovereignty of states. Technology allows the separation between the content of information (its representation and meaning) and its container, that is to say, the physical medium on which the content is temporarily transcribed: RAM, hard drive, fiber optic network, CD-ROM, radio wave transmission, etc. By becoming immaterial, digital information becomes independent of its volatile and fragile medium. The dematerialization, the way software and hardware operate, the complexity of systems, the lack of infrastructure control, design errors, usage management flaws, and system failures and malfunctions all lead to vulnerabilities and give the digital world a certain level of insecurity. This is what must be taken into account when finalizing the national strategy for artificial intelligence, as well as for digitalization and protecting the digital environment through the legal framework for artificial intelligence in the digital environment. This is what Algeria has begun to do through the following: -The inclusion of the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy comes in light of the continuation of this momentum, and aims to take an additional step in building a development model based on knowledge, innovation and control of emerging technologies. -The strategy is based on three main structural pillars: data, digital infrastructure, and human capital, which serve as the foundations of any sustainable national capability in the field of artificial intelligence. -This strategy will be subject to action plans for its practical implementation according to specific priorities and at a predetermined pace of progress important relationship between artificial intelligence and the digital environment. Artificial. Accelerating the digital transformation process and modernizing public services، given the intelligence represents the "mastermind" of the digital environment; as it works on analysing big data, automating processes, and providing accurate predictions. This is from a policy perspective. We offer a set of suggestions and recommendations that can be considered when establishing the legal framework for artificial intelligence. As follows:

-The necessity of including smart legal rules in domestic legislation، especially algorithmic legal rules، which aim to convert legal texts and rules into programming code (Rules as Code) for automated implementation، is crucial in digital legislation. -Taking into account the prominent concept of artificial intelligence as an integral part of the Algerian legal arsenal. -Establishing legal engineering committees whose task, when preparing texts, is to take into account the priorities of the concept development process, its strategic foundations, and its legal, organizational, operational, and technical aspects, based on the principle that the concept precedes the tool and that the function is what creates the body. -This was taken into consideration when preparing the draft. Law relating to the general rules of the digital field with following content: Initiated a participatory process to draft a bill that establishes general rules governing the digital sphere. This bill aims to create a robust legal framework to support this transformation, ensure its sustainability and effectiveness, and enable Algeria to engage seriously and smoothly in digital and technological development. The primary objectives of this law are: - protecting its data and digital the state's digital sovereignty - Strengthening infrastructure; Supporting and accelerating digital transformation in various sectors. - consolidating the principles of transparency. - Protecting rights and freedoms in the digital space. - Regulating and framing emerging digital fields resulting from technological development. - Preserving the values and principles of Algerian society in the digital space, while encouraging innovation. - Encouraging investment and digital activity and protecting national digital products. - Promoting digital services and supporting the national economy through localization and exporting digital services. - Rationalizing public spending through the synergy of digital resources across sectors. - Achieving digital social justice by improving the quality and accessibility of public services. - Reducing the digital divide and ensuring the inclusiveness of services using national digital identity. - Contributing to achieving technological independence and sustainable development. The draft digitization law, which sets out the general rules relating to the digital field, introduced the following new developments:

7- Creating a national interoperability system. 8- Promoting citizens' digital participation in the national digital space. 9- Protecting national memory and heritage in the digital space. 10- Establishing a data governance framework. 11- Legally establishing a national database. 12- Establishing an open data framework.

Pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 20-05 of 24 Jumada I in 1441 corresponding to 20 January 2020, on the establishment of a national system for the security of information systems, amended and supplemented. Decides that: Article 1: In accordance with the provisions of Article 08 of Presidential Decree No. 25-320 of 10 Rajab in 1447 corresponding to 30 December 2025, which includes the development of a national system of data governance, this decision aims to identify and publish the reference of data classification and the reference of data source indexing. Article 2: The Data Classification Reference and the Data Source Indexing Reference attach to this decision. As for governance data a statement was issued : Presidential Decree No. 25-320 of 30 December 2025, establishing a national system of data governanceA sovereign model of the Algerian state has been established, based on data control, regulation and protection and directing its exploitation as critical strategic assets. This model embodies a profound shift in the vision of the state by laying legal, technical and institutional foundations that enable the transition from traditional paper-based governance and dispersed digitization to digital, data-driven governance, exploitation, analysis and investment in supporting and enhancing government performance, developing management effectiveness and facilitating decision-making. This system provides a comprehensive information management mechanism that ensures its accuracy, quality and integrity and enhances its credibility as a strategic resource for decision- making support. The importance of data governance lies in controlling and directing data traffic and following its paths, enhancing transparency in its exploitation, and protecting data of a personal nature, with a clear definition of roles and responsibilities, in order to ensure the availability of a unified and reliable source of information that serves institutional performance and improves the quality of public policies through the establishment of new concepts of data governance. New Concepts of Data Governance - Data Source Where he became legally responsible for the quality and credibility of data and its updating. - Data User It has become committed to its specific functional use only, which enhances the legitimate and data-oriented use. - Exploitation of data Includes the entire life cycle of data from registration, organization, modeling, modification, coding, encryption and preservation. This system, under Articles 06, 07 and 09 of Presidential Decree No. 25-320 of December 30, 2025, is based on three basic and integrated pillars. The current version of this reference was published by a decision of the Minister, High Governorate of Digitization, No. 67 of 26 January 2026, namely: - Data Classification Reference Includes established standards and procedures for determining data sensitivity levels, areas of use, types of protection and security procedures that should be applied to each type of data. - Data Sources Indexing Reference Determine the standards and procedures in force in order to collect and define data sources through a unified model that will regulate this data and

simplify access to it in order to use it, improve its quality and reduce the multiplicity of the same data and its sources. - National Interoperability System The vital nerve in this system enables the exchange of data in a safe, organized and effective manner between the various institutions, public administrations, bodies and institutions in charge of a public service, according to the data classification reference and the data source indexing reference, in a reliable environment. Where the exchange of data within the national interoperability system, the specific classification of this data is taken into account by its source. The National Interoperability System is the exclusive framework for digital data exchange Between public institutions and administrations through the infrastructure of the secured national network IRIES. Where needed, bodies and institutions in charge of a public service could be included in the national interoperability system if their data were required for processing within the system, in coordination with High Governorate of Digitalization and relevant sectors. Citations:

20- Dr. Jaber Al-Shahri Legislative Challenges of Artificial Intelligence The Sultanate of Oman as a Case Study Al-Mustaqbal Journal for Legal and Political Studies Volume: Eighth (08)N2 2025 p 223. 21- As part of the Algerian state’s commitment to embodying the digital transformation of our country and modernizing the public service in a way that serves the goals of sustainable development while strengthening cyber security, Algeria launched a comprehensive strategic endeavor to keep pace with the digital revolution by establishing the High Commission for Digitalization, as a supreme body tasked with framing, organizing and leading strategic projects in the field of digital transformation and as a pivotal institutional actor for building a modern information infrastructure, and contributing to consolidating national digital sovereignty. The High Commission for Digitalization was established under the auspices of the Presidency of the Republic by Presidential Decree No. 23-314 of September 6, 2023, as amended by Presidential Decree No. 24-63 of February 1, 2024. This decree defined its internal structure and organizational mechanisms, including the distribution of responsibilities among its executive bodies and the tasks of its Scientific and Technical Committee. This granted it a pivotal role, enabling it to lead the national digital transformation comprehensively and horizontally, unifying efforts to realize the state's political will to make digitalization a strategic driver of economic and social development and a fundamental tool for modernizing and streamlining public administration and building a sustainable digital economy. The High Commission for Digitalization was thus entrusted with the following key tasks: Design and prepare the National Digital Transformation Strategy, in consultation with relevant sectors, institutions, the economic sector, civil society, and all stakeholders Monitor the implementation of the National Digital Transformation Strategy. Ensure the alignment of sectoral plans in the field of digitalization with the National Digital Transformation Strategy Evaluate the achievements of each sector and propose necessary adjustments based on digitalization-related performance indicators. Ensure the National Digital Transformation Strategy complies with information systems security requirements, in coordination with the relevant authorities. Identify priority projects and strategic investments, and determine how to mobilize human resources and their financing mechanisms. Propose legal and regulatory instruments and/or technical solutions to ensure the effectiveness and continuous improvement of the pillars of digital transformation. Propose any measure that would enhance digital sovereignty, develop national products, and cultivate the human resources and national expertise required in the field of digitalization. Conduct and encourage forward-looking studies on digitalization development and ensure technological vigilance, while proposing research projects in its area of expertise. Cooperate with similar international institutions and organizations in the field of digitalization, in accordance with applicable legislation and regulations. Thanks to these powers, the High Commission for Digitalization plays a pivotal role in the transition from traditional administration to smart administration, based on accurate data, which contributes to improving the quality of public service, promoting institutional performance, consolidating transparency in management and preserving public funds, in a way that serves the higher interests of the state and the citizen alike. in High Commission for Digitalization https://www.hcn.dz/projets/juridique/SNTN last consulted on 5-06-2026 at 8am.

27- National Strategy for Digital Transformation inAlgeria fora Digital Algeria 2030in High Commission for Digitalization https://www.hcn.dz/projets/juridique/SNTN last consulted on 6- 06-2026 at 9 am. 28- https://www.hcn.dzlast consulted on 6-06-2026at 7am. 29- ibid. 30- ibid.

- U.S. Code Title 15 - Commerce and Trade Chapter 119 - National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Sec. 9401 – Définitions in www.law.cornell.edu Last consulted on4-06-2026 At 10 PM . - DRAFT SOUTH AFRICA NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) POLICY DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES NOTICE 3880 OF 2026, in www.gpwonline.co.za E-Websites: - https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-SA-NA-PCAESXX-2023Last consulted on 4-06-2026 at 8 am. - https://www.moj.gov.ae/ar/artificial-intelligence.aspx last consulted on 4-06-2026 at 10 am. - https://www.hcn.dz/projets/juridique/SNTN last consulted on 5-06-2026 at 8am. - National Strategy for Digital Transformation in Algeria for a Digital Algeria 2030 in High Commission for Digitalization https://www.hcn.dz/projets/juridique/SNTN last consulted on 6-06-